Biology as we find it is full of Chesterton's Fence situations. That's an analogy that gets trotted out in a lot of political and regulatory situations, but we're dealing with it because we have arrive to sentience and technological agency after several billion years of evolution. I.e., the party has been going on for quite a while before we walked in the door. There's no better way to explain the idea than to go to the man himself, since G. K. Chesterton generally wrote in a peculiarly vigorous and quotable style:
"In the matter of reforming things, as distinct from deforming them, there is one plain and simple principle; a principle which will probably be called a paradox. There exists in such a case a certain institution or law; let us say, for the sake of simplicity, a fence or gate erected across a road. The more modern type of reformer goes gaily up to it and says, "I don't see the use of this; let us clear it away." To which the more intelligent type of reformer will do well to answer: "If you don't see the use of it, I certainly won't let you clear it away. Go away and think. Then, when you can come back and tell me that you do see the use of it, I may allow you to destroy it.
This paradox rests on the most elementary common sense. The gate or fence did not grow there. It was not set up by somnambulists who built it in their sleep. It is highly improbable that it was put there by escaped lunatics who were for some reason loose in the street. Some person had some reason for thinking it would be a good thing for somebody. And until we know what the reason was, we really cannot judge whether the reason was reasonable. It is extremely probable that we have overlooked some whole aspect of the question, if something set up by human beings like ourselves seems to be entirely meaningless and mysterious. There are reformers who get over this difficulty by assuming that all their fathers were fools; but if that be so, we can only say that folly appears to be a hereditary disease. But the truth is that nobody has any business to destroy a social institution until he has really seen it as an historical institution. If he knows how it arose, and what purposes it was supposed to serve, he may really be able to say that they were bad purposes, that they have since become bad purposes, or that they are purposes which are no longer served. But if he simply stares at the thing as a senseless monstrosity that has somehow sprung up in his path, it is he and not the traditionalist who is suffering from an illusion.”
You can see what I mean about the prose style! The man is full of stuff like this - some of it is tremendous and some of it is bizarrely wrongheaded, but it's mostly expressed as if his pen were a magical flaming sword. For that technique applied to fiction, try his The Man Who Was Thursday - I don't think there's anything else quite like it. But you can also see what I mean about evolutionary biology, because there is a lot of bizarre stuff in there once you're able to unpack the details. Of course, the user's manual and annotations are, well, unavailable, so we have to work out what we find on our own. Some things turn out to be wildly well-optimized (and some of them that look stupid and clunky turn out actually to be wildly well-optimized, too). Others aren't quite so impressive, but have hung around because they at least don't do any harm (or not enough to matter for fitness in passing on genes to the next generation). And some of the processes and solutions seem to be hung together in weird, bizarre ways that are absolutely alien to how Anyone Else Woulda Dunnit, but are with us because they worked (even if they were often repurposed from something else entirely), and they worked a long time ago, and they are now imbedded deep into the machinery. It's kind of like how there's still some COBOL code inside a lot of huge business and financial systems.
Case in point: the relationship between humans and human papilloma viruses (HPVs). There are a lot of those (over 200!), because we've been evolving together for an extended period. It is safe to say that every human being on earth is infected with a whole list of these, and the process starts immediate after birth. Broadly, they divide into alpha and beta types, with the alphas infecting mucous membranes and the betas infecting skin epidermis. Several of the alpha types are (famously) associated with some types of cancer - the great majority of all cervical, vaginal, and anal types, some oral, head-and-neck, and others. And this is why the HPV vaccines are such a wonderful idea: they protect against a number of the viral types most associated with the cancers mentioned above. A dramatic example of this showed up recently, thanks to records of the Scottish national health service. Their vaccination program began in 2008, and so far the women who were vaccinated as 12- or 13-year-olds have shown not one single case of cervical cancer. And the rate in women who were vaccinated at later ages was 80% lower than the unvaccinated. Cervical cancer is almost completely preventable through such vaccination programs, and the anti-vaccine activists who have come out against them (such as the dangerous fool nominated to be secretary of HHS) can go to hell.
But what about the beta-HPV types? Well, as mentioned, we all have them. Estimates are the babies are infected almost immediately by their parents, since these viruses are spread by skin contact. There's been a lot of argument over their roles in various types of dermal cancer, and you have to wonder if it could be worthwhile to develop a vaccine against some of the beta-HPV types as well if we can firm up some of those linkages. (It should be noted that the association of the various HPV-alpha types with cervical cancer and the like is far more glaringly obvious from the data).
Here's a new paper that makes the story more complicated. First off, that beta-HPV vaccine idea has a big problem with it: it turns out that the beta-HPVs already set off much more of an immune response than the alpha- ones (which is why you need to stimulate the immune system with a vaccine towards the latter in the first place). Immunocompromised individuals can start to have skin problem with beta-HPVs, but a functional immune system seems to hold them down completely. That's the compromise we've struck over evolutionary time: the beta-HPVs spread all they want, infecting the entire human race, but they don't do much once that happens. (Remember not to assign agency or forethought to these things - viruses are not trying to make you sick or give you cancer. They're trying to reproduce and spread and everything else is downstream of that, and will only be noticed, evolutionarily, if it shows any effect on reproductive fitness).
And because we've all been infected all the time with beta-HPV types, more stuff has grown up around that situation. One of the things that keeps these viruses from doing anything else in the cells is surveillance by p53 (one of the key abnormal-cellular-behavior regulatory proteins). You can lose p53 protection several ways, and for the skin, a key one is damage from the ultraviolet part of sunlight. This new paper (a collaboration between Harvard, Louisville, and Mass General) shows that such p53 ablation allows the beta-HPV to start reproducing and taking over the cellular machinery, and that triggers an immune reponse, preventing clonal expansion of the mutated cells. The lifelong presence of bHPV ends up being a surveillance system for skin cancer!
This all works because of the ubiquitous nature of bHPV infection and its strong immune-response profile: the minute it starts to poke its head up (by increased levels of viral antigen proteins presented on the cell surfaces) it's a sign that something has gone wrong with the normal order of things. What's more, it appears that actinic keratoses (known to be a form of precancerous lesion) actually seem to have lower bHPV levels, which could imply that this monitoring mechanism is then disrupted and that cancerous cells have a better chance to spread in these tissues as opposed to normal skin.
This, then, is a fence against skin cancer. Unlike Chesterton's example, it is not even recognizable as a fence at first, and we have to get to that step to even start on the rest of the discussion. But we should be alert for more of these with the typical commensual viruses and bacteria that we all carry - after all, we've been together for a long time, and a lot can happen!